Al-Furat Journal of Innovations in Agricultural Sciences
Al-Furat Journal of Innovations in Agricultural Sciences (FJIAS) is an international, open-access, peer-reviewed journal issued quarterly by Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, under the supervision of Al-Mussaib Technical College, Iraq. The journal operates under a double-blind peer review policy to ensure the integrity and quality of the publication process. FJIAS is dedicated to publishing original, high-impact research articles, comprehensive review papers, and short communications that showcase the latest innovations, technologies, and methodologies in agricultural sciences and their allied fields. The journal aims to serve as a dynamic platform for academics, researchers, and practitioners to disseminate scientific knowledge and promote sustainable agricultural development. ISSN: 2789-6773 The journal follows a quarterly publishing schedule: Vol.1 Issue 1: January – March Vol.1 Issue 2: April – June Vol.1 Issue 3: July – September Vol.1 Issue 4: October – December Aims and Scope FJIAS welcomes contributions from all disciplines relevant to agricultural sciences, including but not limited to the following fields: Plant Production and Biotechnology (Crop improvement, plant breeding, genetic engineering, tissue culture) Animal Production and Biotechnology (Livestock breeding, animal nutrition, genomics, reproductive technologies) Soil and Water Sciences (Soil fertility, irrigation systems, water resource management, land reclamation) Food Quality and Technology (Post-harvest technology, food safety, processing techniques, food biotechnology) Agricultural Extension and Rural Development (Farmer education, adoption of innovation, community-based development) Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness (Farm management, agricultural policy, value chains, marketing strategies) Agricultural Mechanization and Precision Agriculture (Smart farming, automation, drones, remote sensing, IoT applications) Biological Sciences (Entomology, plant pathology, microbiology, ecology related to agriculture) Climate-Smart Agriculture and Sustainability (Climate change adaptation, carbon farming, regenerative agriculture) Digital Agriculture and Artificial Intelligence (Machine learning, big data in agriculture, decision support systems) Agroecology and Organic Farming (Ecosystem services, sustainable farming practices, organic certification) Environmental and Natural Resource Management (Agroforestry, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration) Agricultural Education and Innovation Policy (Curriculum innovation, policy analysis, capacity building) Renewable Energy in Agriculture (Solar irrigation, biogas systems, energy-efficient practices) Template of FJIAS
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Effect of Bentonite and Biochar Application on Selected Physical Properties of Coarse-Textured Soil and Growth of Broccoli Plants
Soils with rough texture have low fertility because they have low amounts of colloidal and organic matter resulting in low physical characteristics and the inability to retain water and nutrients. Thus, physically, organic amendments and soil conditioners are applied to enhance physical properties and their capacity to hold water and nutrients. The study was carried out in Babil Governorate, Iraq, at 32 o 47 W7.38 N, 44 o 25 W33.63 E, at 31 m above sea level, and during the 20252026 season, to examine the impact of the addition of bentonite and biochar on certain physical characteristics of coarse-textured soil and the development of broccoli plants. The experiment was carried out in the form of factorial experiment with the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicas where each replica consisted of nine experimental units. In the research two factors were used. The first one was the addition of bentonite in the level of 0, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1 represented as B0, B1, and B2 respectively. The second was the biochar addition at 0, 5, and 10 Mg ha-1, which was referred to as C0, C1, and C2 respectively. It was demonstrated that treatment of addition of bentonite at 20 Mg ha-1 reflected better in the mean bulk density, soil moisture content at field capacity, soil moisture content at wilting point and available water in the soil with percentage improvements of 4.19 , 26.86 ,12.11 and 41.71 respectively compared to the treatment without addition (control). The outcome of the addition of biochar also revealed that the treatment 10 Mg ha-1 showed the superiority of the treatment in terms of total porosity, soil moisture content at field capacity, soil moisture content at wilting point, and availability of water in the soil, which increased by percentage of 4.09, 10.54, 6.55, and 14.10, respectively, with respect to the control treatment (not added biochar). The binary interaction revealed that the treatment (20 Mg ha-1 bentonite + 10 Mg ha-1 biochar) performed better in the mean soil moisture content at the field capacity, soil moisture content at the wilting point and the available water in the soil, where the percentage changes were 41.50, 24.02, and 58.87, respectively
Bentonite, Biochar, Broccoli Growth, Coarse-textured Soil, Soil Physical Properties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahraa Sami Mohammed, Mohammed Malik Hamid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER TYPES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF ZINC IN SEDIMENTARY SOILS OF DIFFERENT TEXTURES
This research paper has discussed the zinc (Zn) adsorption-desorption processes in calcareous alluvial soils with different textures that were amended with various organic materials. Two soils (sandy loam, T1; clay loam, T2) gathered in Al-Musayyib District, Babil Governorate, Iraq, were described in the terms of chosen physical and chemical characteristics. In a laboratory equilibrium experiment, 2 g of soil were mixed with 20 mL of ZnSO 4 solution (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg L -1 ) with the amendment of cattle, sheep or poultry manure. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were used to determine adsorption and subsequent desorption by the use of 0.01 N CaCl 2. Langmuir gave the most consistent fit to the adsorption data, which had an R 2 value of 0.88 to 0.98, versus 0.86 to 0.96 with both Freundlich and D-R. Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity (Xmax) was between 29.22 to 256.41 mg kg -1, meanwhile the value of D-R adsorption energy was between 8.74 to 11.81 kJ mol -1 and this shows that ion exchange was predominant. Overall, heavy-textured soil exhibited higher retention and low desorption of Zn compared to the light-textured soil. Sheep manure enhanced adsorption capacity in several cases, whereas poultry manure tended to reduce Zn retention, particularly in the light-textured soil. The results demonstrate that soil texture and organic amendment type jointly control Zn behavior and that the Langmuir model is the most suitable for describing Zn adsorption under the conditions of this study
Adsorption; Calcareous alluvial soils; Desorption; Organic amendments; Zinc
Copyright (c) 2026 Sajjad Sattar Jabbar, Muhammad Malik Hamed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of foliar spraying with nano-iron and the addition of biofertilizer on soybean growth
A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of foliar spraying with chelated nano-iron and the addition of the biofertilizer EM1 on the growth of soybean plants. The experiment was carried out in the Al-Azawiya area of ​​Al-Musayyib district, north of Babylon Governorate, at a longitude of 32°47'53.9"N, and a latitude of 44°24'32.1"E. During the autumn growing season of 2025, a randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications was used. The experiment included three concentrations of nano-iron fertilizer (0, 1.5 g/L, and 3 g/L) and three levels of the biofertilizer EM1 (0, 2 ml L⁻¹, and 4 ml L⁻¹). The results showed that the third concentration of nano-iron fertilizer (3 g L⁻¹) was superior to the control treatment in terms of plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf area.The results also showed that the third level of EM1 biofertilizer outperformed the control treatment in plant height, branch number, leaf number, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf area. The interaction between nano-fertilization and EM1 biofertilizer was significant in growth characteristics. The interaction between the third concentration of nano-iron fertilizer (3 g L⁻¹) and the third level of biofertilizer (4 ml L⁻¹) resulted in the highest average vegetative growth indicators for plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf area, surpassing the control treatment. We conclude that the use of nano-iron at a concentration of (3 g L-1) alone or with the dual interaction treatment (between spraying nano-iron fertilizer and the EM1 biofertilizer) has a significant effect on all vegetative growth indicators for the studied traits and outperformed the growth indicators of the control treatment
Soybeans, nano-iron, EM1 biofertilizer, chlorophyll
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassanein Salah Nasr, Hassan Hadi Alkarawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Organic Fertilization and Seaweed Extract on Growth, Yield, and Bioactive Compounds of Roselle Plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L)
A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2025 at a private farm in Al-Jilawiya village, Al-Musayyib district, located about 40 km north of Babil province, Iraq, to evaluate the effect of seaweed extract and animal organic fertilizer on growth, yield, and anthocyanin content of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). The experiment was arranged as a factorial experiment in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The study included three factors: two roselle cultivars (red and purple), three concentrations of seaweed extract (0, 3, and 6 ml L⁻¹), and three levels of animal organic fertilizer (cow manure) (0, 3, and 6 ton ha⁻¹). The results showed that the purple cultivar significantly outperformed the local red cultivar in plant height, number of main branches, number of capsules per plant, calyx yield per plant, and anthocyanin content, recording mean values of 64.18 cm, 5.16 branches plant⁻¹, 141.54 capsules plant⁻¹, 46.31 g plant⁻¹, and 0.284%, respectively. The application of seaweed extract at 6 ml L⁻¹ resulted in the highest averages for the studied traits, reaching 169.64 cm for plant height, 5.40 branches plant⁻¹, 163.31 capsules plant⁻¹, 48.13 g plant⁻¹ for calyx yield, and 0.317% anthocyanin content. Similarly, the highest level of organic fertilizer (6 ton ha⁻¹) significantly improved plant growth and productivity, producing the highest mean values of 164.68 cm plant height, 5.47 branches plant⁻¹, 164.44 capsules plant⁻¹, 50.51 g plant⁻¹ calyx yield, and 0.347% anthocyanin content. These findings indicate that the combined use of seaweed extract and organic fertilizer can effectively enhance growth, yield, and bioactive compound content of roselle plants under the environmental conditions of central Iraq
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.; Seaweed extract; Organic fertilizer; Anthocyanin content; Calyx yield; Growth traits; RCBD; Iraq
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghada Khalid Mohsen Al-Shafai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Agricultural Sulfur and Salicylic Acid on Soil Nutrient Availability and Leaf Nutrient Concentration of Bitter Orange Seedlings under Water Stress
Agriculture in Iraq is increasingly challenged by water scarcity, which negatively affects plant growth, particularly evergreen species like sour orange (Citrus aurantium). Agricultural sulfur and salicylic acid are known to improve soil fertility and enhance plant tolerance to environmental stresses; however, their combined effect on sour orange seedlings under water stress has not been sufficiently studied. This experiment, conducted at the Department of Soil and Water Technologies, Al-Mussaib Technical College, during the 2025 season, aimed to evaluate the effects of sulfur application (0, 1000, 2000 kg ha⁻¹), salicylic acid spraying (0, 200, 400 mg L⁻¹), and water stress (50, 75, 100% field capacity) on soil nutrient availability and leaf nutrient concentration. One-year-old uniform seedlings were planted in pots containing a soil–peat moss mixture (1:2). Results showed that the highest sulfur level (S2) significantly improved all measured traits. Water stress at 75% field capacity (W2) enhanced soil nutrient availability, while full irrigation (W3) increased leaf nutrient concentration. Spraying with salicylic acid at 200 mg L⁻¹ (L1) significantly increased leaf nutrient concentrations. Two-factor interactions revealed that S2W2, S2L0, and W2L0 treatments maximized soil nutrient availability, whereas S2W3, S2L1, and W3L1 enhanced leaf nutrient concentrations. The three-factor interaction indicated that S2W2L0 was superior for soil nutrient availability, and S2W3L1 was most effective in increasing nutrient concentration in leaves. These findings highlight the potential of combining sulfur application and salicylic acid spraying under controlled water conditions to improve nutrient dynamics in sour orange cultivation under water-limited environments
Agricultural sulfur, Salicylic acid, Soil nutrients, Water stress
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Laith Al-Azzawi, Mohammed T arkhan Abu Al-Mikh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aerobic and Anaerobic Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Technologies, Performance Evaluation and Future Perspectives
Wastewater has proven to be one of the key environmental issues facing the world today as a result of the increasing amounts of untreated domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters being discharged into the environment. Inefficient management of wastewater has been identified as posing serious risks to environmental sustainability. Among the various wastewater treatment processes, the biological processes have been widely used as they are cost-effective, easy to operate, environmentally friendly, and involve less energy and chemical usage. This study is aimed at providing a comprehensive review of aerobic and anaerobic biological processes used in the treatment of wastewater with special emphasis on advanced aerobic and anaerobic reactor processes, including the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB), Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB), and the combination of anaerobic and aerobic processes. This study will examine the operational mechanisms, efficiencies, advantages, and limitations of the processes based on the existing scientific literature. Additionally, the study will examine the shortcomings of the existing biological processes and how the combination of aerobic and anaerobic processes can improve the efficiency of the processes while minimizing sludge production and increasing the resource recovery potential through the production of biogas. This study has established that the combination of anaerobic and aerobic processes can be used as a sustainable approach to the management of wastewater, especially in the developing world
Wastewater Treatment; Biological Degradation; Aerobic Treatment; Anaerobic Digestion; UASB Reactor; EGSB Reactor; Hybrid Treatment Systems
Copyright (c) 2026 Ammar Adil Hussein (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Inductive Study of the Iraqi Agricultural Reality and the Availability of Fodder with Climate Changes
This study investigated the implications of climate change on Iraqi agricultural sector and the feed availability, aiming to extrapolate these effects on essential livestock resources and crop production to suggest an adaptation strategies or interventions being considered to mitigate the effects of climate changes. All data were collected up to 31/ December/ 2023 from ministry of agriculture in Iraq. The results indicated political and economic stability, proper water management, support for agricultural development and farmer education create a strong agricultural environment capable of facing climate change. In addition, most tips to reduce climate change aren’t effective especially in the developing countries, so, we have to begin with the simplest way, by urban greening and increasing trees in and around cities, that leads to absorbing and decreasing carbon dioxide. Using drought-resistant varieties. Using efficient irrigation techniques.
desertification, forage crops, global warming, grain crops, rainfall
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamal Abdul Rahman Tawfeeq Al-Ani, Anwer Swad Abdul Azeez, Rasha Mohamed Shaker, Sahar Hashim Al-Hindawi, Salam Shaaban Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Planting Dates on Growth Traits of Sunflower Genotypes and Their Selected Lines
A field experiment was conducted during the spring and autumn seasons of 2025 to cultivate sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at the fields of Al-Mussaib Technical College, Babil Governorate / Al-Mussaib Project area, located about 40 km north of the governorate (longitude 44.50, latitude 32.50). The study aimed to investigate the effect of planting dates on growth traits of sunflower genotypes and their selected lines.The experiment included two factors: the first factor was six sunflower genotypes, and the second factor was three planting dates. The experiment was laid out according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a factorial arrangement.The results of statistical analysis showed significant differences among genotypes. The genotype Selected Zahra Al-Iraq recorded the highest mean plant height (176.00 cm), whereas the genotype Shamos recorded the lowest mean (156.33 cm). Planting dates had a significant effect, as the first planting date (20 June) gave the highest mean plant height (170.89 cm) compared with the third planting date (10 July), which gave the lowest mean (159.33 cm). The interaction treatment Selected Zahra Al-Iraq × first planting date recorded the highest value (181.00 cm), while Shamos × third planting date gave the lowest value (148.00 cm).For leaf area, significant differences were observed among genotypes. The genotype Selected Shamos achieved the highest mean leaf area (0.845 m²), whereas Zahra Al-Iraq recorded the lowest mean (0.535 m²). The first planting date (20 June) produced the highest mean leaf area (0.707 m²), while the third planting date (10 July) resulted in the lowest mean (0.671 m²). The interaction Selected Shamos × third planting date recorded the highest value (0.856 m²), whereas Zahra Al-Iraq × second planting date recorded the lowest value (0.474 m²).Significant differences among genotypes were also found for the leaf area index (LAI). The genotype Selected Zahra Al-Iraq recorded the highest mean (6.4842), while Shamos recorded the lowest mean (3.8596). The first planting date (20 June) resulted in the highest mean LAI (4.9384), compared with the third planting date (10 July), which gave the lowest mean (4.7768). The interaction Selected Zahra Al-Iraq × second planting date recorded the highest LAI (7.4600), whereas Shamos × second planting date recorded the lowest value (3.6010).Regarding head area, significant differences among genotypes were observed. The genotype Selected Argensun recorded the highest mean head area (383.57 cm²), while Zahra Al-Iraq recorded the lowest mean (323.33 cm²). The first planting date (20 June) gave the highest mean head area (389.05 cm²), whereas the third planting date (10 July) gave the lowest mean (328.07 cm²). The interaction treatments Argensun × first planting date and Selected Argensun × first planting date recorded the highest head area (430.00 cm²), while Zahra Al-Iraq × third planting date recorded the lowest value (280.00 cm²).
Helianthus annuus L.; Sowing date; Genetic variation; Morphological traits; Leaf area; Leaf area index; Capitulum diameter; Yield components; Agro-environmental conditions
Copyright (c) 2026 Mushtaq K. Sraih, Abdullah F. Sarheed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of adding vermicompost extract and spraying with nano iron and boron on the vegetative traits of papaya trees (Carica papaya L.)
. The field study was conducted at Al-Musauib Papaya Orchard in October 2024 and June 2025. This study was carried out to assess the effect of vermicompost extract and the application of nano iron/boron foliar sprays on the fruit's mineral content. The experiment was arranged in complete randomized blocks with three factors and three replications each. The factors are vermicompost extract at 0.50 ml/L with two levels, nano boron at 0, 5, 15, and 10 mg/L, and nano iron at 0, 2, 4, and 6 mg/L. The significant findings of this experiment are as follows: the treatment with vermicompost at 50 ml/L gave the largest leaf area at 153.67 cm², the tallest stem at 403.77 cm, the largest stem diameter at 567.27 mm, and the highest chlorophyll content at 36.858 SPAD units compared to the control treatment. Boron nanoparticles at 15 mg/L resulted in the maximum leaf area (158.88 cm²), stem height (419.29 cm), stem diameter (579.64 mm), and chlorophyll content (38.656 SPAD) compared with the control. Nano iron at 6 mg/L resulted in the maximum leaf area (173.92 cm²), stem height (466.83 cm), stem diameter (678.70 mm), and chlorophyll content (45.465 SPAD) compared with the control. Combined effect of two factors resulted in the most favorable results. Combined effect of three factors resulted in optimal results with leaf area 175.00 cm², stem height 474.00 cm, stem diameter 694.00 mm, and chlorophyll content 43.753 SPAD. In contrast, the control resulted in the lowest values with leaf area 121.33 cm², stem height 277.33 cm, stem diameter 341.50 mm, and chlorophyll content 26.243 SPAD
nano boron , nano iron , papaya , vegetative, vermicompost
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahraa Aqeel Hasan Al-Khatib, Sabaa Jawad Abdulkadhim, Raad Taha Muhammad Ali Blacket (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Growth Regulators and Exogenous Arginine on the In Vitro Micropropagation of ‘Sweet Sapphire’ Grape
This study aimed to optimize an in vitro micropropagation protocol for the grapevine cultivar Sweet Sapphire (Witch Fingers) by determining the optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators during the establishment, multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization stages. The experiments were conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Al-Musayyib Technical College, from March to October 2025, using nodal explants approximately 1 cm in length.The results of the establishment stage showed that the interaction between 2-isopentenyl adenine (2iP) at 2 mg·L⁻¹ and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ produced the highest number of leaves and the longest shoots. During the multiplication stage, the combination of 2iP at 2 mg·L⁻¹ with NAA at 0.25 mg·L⁻¹ resulted in the highest number of shoots. In the rooting stage, the interaction between benzyl adenine (BA) at 2 mg·L⁻¹, arginine at 200 mg·L⁻¹, and activated charcoal at 400 mg·L⁻¹ achieved the greatest root length. For acclimatization, the substrate composed of peat moss and perlite at a ratio of 1:2 recorded the highest plant survival rate (90%). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the identified concentrations in producing uniform, disease-free grapevine plantlets with high efficiency, supporting their application in grapevine micropropagation programs.
Exogenous arginine; Growt regulators; In vitro culture; Micropropagation; Sweet Sapphire grape
Copyright (c) 2026 Saif A. Raja, Omar H. Obaid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biological management of root rot disease of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) caused by Phytophthora nicotianae
Root rot disease of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) caused by Phytophthora nicotianae was investigated using morphological, molecular, and biological control approaches. Seven Phytophthora spp. isolates were obtained from infected citrus roots collected from different locations in Babil Governorate, Iraq. Morphological characterization on PDA medium revealed fast-growing, white to cream-colored, cottony colonies with irregular margins. Pathogenicity tests indicated that P. nicotianae isolates Phy1 and Phy5 exhibited the highest disease severity, reaching 74.87% and 71.53%, respectively, after 30 days of inoculation. Molecular identification based on ITS1 and ITS4 regions confirmed the morphological diagnosis. The pathogenic fungus P. nicotianae was registered under accession number PV99958.1 and showed 85% sequence similarity with the Moscow isolate (AY773099.1). The biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum was registered under accession number MT358869.1 and exhibited 98.44% similarity with the reference isolate (PQ409493.1). In vitro antagonistic assays demonstrated that Lysinibacillus sphaericus completely inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae (100% inhibition) at a concentration of 160 × 10⁵ CFU ml⁻¹. Brevibacillus paramycoides also showed strong antifungal activity, achieving 94.44% inhibition at 8 × 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹, while T. harzianum reduced fungal growth by 91.11%. Greenhouse experiments revealed that biological control agents (L. sphaericus, B. paramycoides, and T. harzianum), in addition to animal organic wastes (cow, sheep, and poultry manure), significantly reduced disease severity and seedling mortality compared with the untreated control. These results indicate that integrated biological control strategies represent a promising and eco-friendly approach for managing root rot disease caused by P. nicotianae in sour orange
P. nicotianae . T. harzianum. B. paramycoides. Citrus
Copyright (c) 2025 Al-Furat Journal of Innovations in Agricultural Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Planting Dates and Plant Density on Some Yielding and Qualitative Traits of Soybeans Glycine max L.) under the conditions of Deir Ezzor Governorate
A field experiment was conducted at Saalo Research Station, Deir Ezzor Agricultural Research Center, Syria, during the 2024 growing season to investigate the effects of planting date and plant density on yield and quality traits of soybean line SB-335. The experiment was arranged as a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Three planting dates (1, 15, and 30 May) were assigned to main plots, while three plant densities (55,000, 83,000, and 166,000 plants ha⁻¹, corresponding to 30, 20, and 10 cm within-row spacing with fixed 60 cm between rows) were assigned to subplots. Measured traits included height to the first pod, number of pods plant⁻¹, 100-seed weight, seed yield, and oil percentage. Results showed that early planting (1 May) significantly increased pods plant⁻¹ (28.43), 100-seed weight (13.52 g), seed yield (3.16 t ha⁻¹), and oil content (16.44%), while decreasing height to the first pod (6.5 cm) compared to late planting dates. Increasing plant density from 55,000 to 166,000 plants ha⁻¹ significantly increased seed yield (2.82 t ha⁻¹) and height to the first pod (8.28 cm), but decreased pods plant⁻¹ (21.69) and oil percentage (14.53%). A significant interaction between planting date and density was observed for seed yield and oil content. Maximum seed yield (3.61 t ha⁻¹) was achieved with early planting (1 May) at 166,000 plants ha⁻¹, while maximum oil content (18.53%) occurred at early planting with 55,000 plants ha⁻¹. Under Deir Ezzor conditions, planting SB-335 on 1 May at 166,000 plants ha⁻¹ is recommended to maximize seed yield
Planting dates, Plant densities, Soybeans, Glycine max and seed yields
The Effect of Irrigation Intervals and Spraying with Nano-Silicon Concentrations on Some quality Characteristics of Three Soybean Cultivars
A field experiment was conducted on three soybeans cultivars (Shaimaa, Warka and Rami) during the 2024-2025 growing seasons in one of the farmers’ fields located in northern Babylon, 50 km south of Baghdad, to study the effect of irrigation intervals, cultivars, and silicon concentrations on some quality traits. The results showed that the cultivar Shaimaa, with a silicon concentration of 4 ml L⁻¹ and an irrigation interval of 6 days, was superior to the other treatments in leaf nitrogen concentration, recording the highest mean values of 3.97 and 4.22 mg kg⁻¹ for the two seasons, respectively. In contrast, the cultivar Rami, under the control treatment with a 10 day irrigation interval, gave the lowest mean values of leaf nitrogen concentration, 2.46 and 2.45 mg kg⁻¹ for the two seasons, respectively. The triple interaction among cultivars, silicon concentrations, and irrigation intervals had a significant effect on leaf protein percentage. The cultivar Shaimaa with a 6day irrigation interval and 4 ml L⁻¹ silicon concentration showed the highest mean values of 24.81% and 26.38% for the two seasons,compared to the control treatment of cultivar Rami with a 10 day irrigation interval, which recorded the lowest mean value of 15.31% for both seasons. The results also indicated that Shaimaa, under a 6day irrigation interval and 4 ml L⁻¹ silicon concentration, significantly outperformed the other treatments in seed nitrogen concentration, giving the highest mean values of 6.01 and 6.17 mg kg⁻¹ for the two seasons, respectively, compared to Rami under the control treatment with a 10 day irrigation interval, which showed the lowest mean values of 4.20 and 4.21 mg kg⁻¹ for the two seasons, respectively. the data were statistically analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method based on a split-panel design applied using a randomized complete block design with Genstat software. statistical differences between the arithmetic means were tested using the least significant difference (LSD) value at a probability level of 0.05 for each source of variance .The study recommends adopting nano-silicone spraying with appropriate irrigation intervals, as it plays an effective role in improving the growth of soybean plants and increasing seed yield, taking into account the different responses of the studied varieties
soybeans , Glycine max , Nano-Silicon ,irrigation intervelas
THE EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZER AND COMPOST ON THE GROWTH OF ROSEMARY PLANTS
The research was conducted in the Hussainiya Holy Shrine nursery to find out the effect of organic and biological mixtures on the growth of rosemary plants, as two factors were used in the experiment (Compost and Biohelth) and each factor had four levels. The second Biohelth (5, 10 and 15) g.l-1 in addition to the control treatment. The experiment was designed according to a completely randomized C.R.D design and for three replicates, each replicate contained three plastic pots and one plant per pot. The L.S.D test was adopted to determine the level of significance among the experimental treatments. The results showed that the interaction between compost + Biohealth treatment was superior to all treatments if the treatment gave 30% compost + Biohealth 10 g.l-1 the highest significant increase for plant height, number of leaves, number of vegetative branches, dry weight of vegetative total, root length and number of roots (64.67cm, 31.33 leaf, 25.88 branch, 6.67 gm, 19.3 cm, 53.00root respectively).
EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THREE POTATO GENOTYPES UNDER THE BIOLOGICAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZATION
This study was carried out during the winter season of 2020 to evaluate the performance of three genotypesof potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with the effect of biological ferttilizer(Mycorrhizae(MY) and Azotobacter(AZ))and organic ferttilizer(chickens Residual (I)) the included of eight levels of ferttilizer(0,MY,AZ,I,(MY+AZ),MY*I,AZ*I,(MY+AZ)*I) and the genotypeswere (HERMOSA, SIFRA and ALVERSTONE). the Potato tubers were planted in Babylon Governorate / Al-Musayyab project area using a factorial experiment according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications to study the characteristics of genotypes growth and yield. the study showed significant differences for all the studied traits among genotypes , fertilizer treatments and the interaction among genotypes and fertilizer treatments.the treatment (organic (I) with HERMOSA variety ) gave the highest average in plant height (69.85) cm , as compared to ( control with ALVERSTONE variety ) treatment which gave the lowest average (41.87) cm . while the treatment (organic (I) with HERMOSA variety ) and (organic (I) with (MY+AZ) with HERMOSA variety) gave the highest average in leaf area of the plant (8160 and 7918) cm2.plant-1respectively , as compared to ( control with ALVERSTONE variety ) treatment which gave the lowest average (3514) cm2.plant-1. while the treatment (control with SIFRA variety ) gave the highest average in The relative content of chlorophyll in leaves (26.74) , as compared to ( azotobacter with ALVERSTONE variety ) treatment which gave the lowest average (11.66). while The treatment ((MY+AZ) with ALVERSTONE variety ) gave the highest average in Marketable tuber weight (161.39) gm , as compared to ( (MY+AZ)*I with HERMOSA variety ) treatment which gave the lowest average (75.20) gm . while The treatment ( organic (I) with HERMOSA variety ) gave the highest average in Percentage of dry matter in tubers (67.70) (%), as compared to ( (MY+AZ)*I with ALVERSTONE variety ) treatment which gave the lowest average (22.92) (%).while The treatment ( organic (I) and Azotobacter with ALVERSTONE variety ) gave the highest average in Total yield per plant (802.20) g. plant-1 , as compared to ( control with SIFRA variety ) treatment which gave the lowest average (221.90) g. plant-1. the aim of study is to find the best varety was ALVERSTONE and the AZ*I best treatment
Mycorrhizae, Azotobacter , Organic fertilizer, potato
Effect of ground addition and spraying with ALGA seaweed extract on the chemical traits of Citrus aurantium seedlings
This study aimed to isolate some pathogenic fungi from tomato plants infected with root rot disease, diagnose them, test their pathogenicity, and try to control the causes of tomato root rot disease using EM-1 microorganism preparations under laboratory conditions. The results of the field survey that was conducted in some fields of Karbala, Baghdad and Babylon governorates showed the spread of root rot disease in the areas covered by the field survey, with an infection rate ranging between 62-100% and an infection severity of 35-57%. Several types of fungi were isolated and identified from the roots of tomato plants infected with root rot disease. The most frequent pathogenic fungi were Fusarium solani, followed by Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. The results showed that all tested fungi isolates were pathogenic and led to any significant reduction in the percentage of germination, compared to the comparison treatment. The results showed the ability of the EM1 microorganism preparation to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi F.solani Fs1, R.solani Rs5 and M. phaseolina Mp8 on PDA culture medium. The EM1 showed the highest effect at 5, 10 and 15% concentrations on pathogenic fungi growth, as the percentage reached The percentage of inhibition is 100%.
Tomato, fungi, root rot, Effective microorganism, disease
A factorial experiment was conducted in lathhouse covered with saran affiliated to Al- Musayyib Technical College at the age of 2 years planted in plastic anvils during the growing season 2021 to study the effect of ground application and spraying with seaweed extract with concentration (0,15,20,25) cm 3 / L for both addition methods and the interaction between them in the vegetative growth and chemical traits under study of citrus seedlings, and using the randomized complete sector design with three replications. The results showed significant differences when ground application and spray addition of algae extract in vegetative and chemical traits under study. The ground addition achieved 25 cm3 / L had the highest average values ​​for the studied traits, while the comparison treatment gave the lowest values ​​for traits under study
ALGA, Citrus, seedlings, ground addition, spraying
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF GROUND FERTILIZATION AND OPTIMUS PLUS NANO-FOLIAR ON SOME YIELD TRAITS AND OIL PERCENTAGE OF YELLOW CORN
A study was conducted in the experimental fields of Ibn Al-Bitar preparatory School in the north of Karbala for the spring season, with the aim of knowing the influence of spraying various concentrations of Optimus Plus nano-foliar and combinations of ground fertilization on the yield of the corn plant. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replications, a factorial experiment, and two factors, the first (100% full mineral fertilizer recommendation). A mineral fertilizer recommendation of 50% with an organic recommendation of 50%, a recommendation of a mineral fertilizer of 50% with a recommendation of a micronutrients fertilizer 50%, a recommendation of a mineral fertilizer of 50%, an organic fertilizer of 25% and micronutrients 25%).The second factor included different concentrations of Optimus Plus, which are (0, 3, and 6 ml.L-1). The results showed that Optimus Plus nano-foliar treatment the concentration (3 ml L-1) and the fertilizer combination (recommended mineral fertilizer 50%, organic 25% and microelements 25%)was significantly excelled by recording it the highest averages for the traits of the rows number per cob, the biological yield, the yield of one plant, the percentage of oil and The grains number per row
yellow corn ground fertilization, biological yield, Optimus Plus nano-foliar
EFFECT OF AGE ON SOMEN QUALITY AND SOME MINIRALS, AND TESTOSTERONE HORMONE IN AWASSI RAMS
The study was conducted in the laboratories of the Musayyib Technical College in cooperation with a private field for sheep breeding in Al-Mahaweel District / Babylon Governorate from September to November 2020, to study the effect of age on semen quality and some minerals, and testosterone hormone, thanks. of Awassi rams, 12 Awassi rams were used and divided into three categories. Age, the first: 1-3 years, the second: 3-5 years, and the third: over 5 years old. Blood was drawn, serum was separated, and its biochemical and hormonal components were analyzed. The results of the study showed a highly significant (p≤0.01)) for the age group greater than 5 years in zinc ion (Zn) concentration compared to other age groups. There was a significant superiority (p≤0.01) for the age group 3-5 years in calcium (Ca) concentration and testosterone level over the other age groups. A highly significant (P≤0.01) was observed for the age group 1-3 years in the concentration of iron ions (Fe) compared with other age groups. The results of the study also showed a positive, direct and highly significant correlation of (Ca) with the testosterone hormone, and a negative, inverse and highly significant correlation coefficient between (Zn) and iron. with testosterone
Semen, Awassi rams, Minerals, Testosterone hormone
Evaluation the efficiency of different concentrations of Chitosan, regular and Nano urea fertilizer in inhibiting the growth of the fungi Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum that cause Green and Blue mold on oranges
The results showed isolating the pathogen from the infected orange fruits, which were collected randomly from the local markets of Babylon Governorate / Al-Musayyab district. Four isolates of Pencillium digitatum and three isolates of Pencillium italicum were obtained. One isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus was discovered. The study showed the superiority of Nano urea fertilizer over regular urea fertilizer, but with a small percentage in inhibiting both P. digitatum and P. italicum. The percentage of inhibition achieved 88.88, 100 and 100% for each of the concentrations 5, 10 and 15%, respectively, for P. digitatum, and the percentage of inhibition of 89.25, 100 and 100% for each of the concentrations 5, 10 and 15% for P. italicum, respectively, compared to With regular urea fertilizer. The results showed that there were significant differences between the regular and Nano chitosan treatments and the comparison treatment with its effect on the growth rate of P. digitatum and P. italicum for both normal and Nano chitosan, each of which achieved a high rate of inhibition of the two pathogenic fungi.
Pathogenic fungi, green mold, Blue mold, Orange, chitosan
Effect of adding organic matter and spraying with nano-iron and on soil content of nutrient during flowering and harvesting stages of yellow corn plants under salt stress conditions
A field experiment was conducted during the summer season for the year 2020-2021 in one of the private farmers' farms belonging to Babylon province-Al-Kifl district in the Abu Simij region. The experiment included three factors, the first factor, spraying the nano iron fertilizer with three levels (Fe2, Fe1, Fe0), the second factor, and three levels of organic fertilizer (O2, O1, O0).The third factor and two levels of salinity of irrigation water (W2, W1). The experiment was conducted according to Randomize Complete Block Design and with three replications. The results were summarized as follows: There were no significant differences when adding nano iron by spraying on leaves to increase the availability of nutrients in the soil. The addition of organic fertilizer led to a significant increase in the availability of the nutrients in the soil, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, at an average of (34.85, 16.17, 186.28) mg / kg soil -1 Respectively in the flowering stage of the plant.As for the post-harvest stage, the highest average for the studied traits was (27.41, 11.84 and 158.37) mg / kg soil -1 respectively. As for the salinity of irrigation water, the first level exceeded the second level significantly in all the studied traits and reached (33.68, 14.12 and 186.94) for the flowering stage and reached (26.40, 10.87 and 158.21) mg kg soil -1 post-harvest stage. the bi-interaction between organic matter and irrigation water was excelled and it gave the highest average of nutrient concentration in the soil, and it reached the flowering stage (35.98, 16.55 and 189.13), and the highest rate for the post-harvest stage (29.84, 12.85 and 160.80) mg / kg soil -1 post-harvest stage.
nano iron, compost, yellow corn, salinity of irrigation water
Response of six genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to water stress under field conditions.
The field study was conducted at Al-Muradia Research Station, located southwest of the center of Babylon province, at latitude 30 32 North and longitude 39 44 East during the winter season 2019-2020 in a sedimentary soil with a silty loam texture to study the ability to tolerate water stress in the vegetative and reproductive stages of six genotypes from Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).This experiment was applied with The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), split-plot arrangement, and three replications. The water stress treatments (S0) were set as the control treatment without stress and (S1) the stress treatment in the vegetative stage and (S2) treatment of stress in the , in the main plot, while the sub-plot included six genotypes of bread wheat, namely (Hawler 4, Abu Ghraib, Auras, Hewler 2, Nucal and S384).The water was blocked by covering the experimental units to prevent the arrival of rain, as well as cutting off irrigation in stages (between tillering and elongation).and (between flowering and filling the grains), the regular irrigation of the experimental units was conducted after depleting 50% of the available water in the soil, As for the water stress factors, they were left without irrigation for one irrigation and depletion of 75%-80% of the available water, and depending on the moisture description curve of the experimental soil. It was found from the study that the control treatment S0 excelled in the average number of spikes per m2and did not differ significantly from S2, as it was significantly excelled in the average grain yield, while the stress treatment S1 excelled in the weight of 1000 grains and the number of grains in the spike frome S2, and both of them did not differ significantly from the control treatment. The study concluded that the genotype (S384) excelled on the grain yield and gave 4.18 tons.ha-1, followed by the genotype Nucal which gave 4.056 tons.ha-1.The genotype Nnucal recorded high values ​​for the average number of spikes, which amounted to 367.9 spikes.m-2. It did not differ significantly from the genotype S384, which gave an average of 367.3 spikes.m-2. The increase in the number of spikes had a great relationship with the high values of the tillers of the distinct genotypes, so it reached for the genotype Nucal 402.4 tillers .m-2 and for the Auras genotype 400.2 tillers.m-2,While the genotype S384 gave the highest value of 403.6 tillers.m-2, the other yield components in the study were not affected by the distinct genotypes, with the exception of genotype S384, which was the highest in the average number of grains in the spike by 43.62 grains.spike-
water stress, vegetative stage, reproductive stage, tillers.m-2.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF THE INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR MATCH IN CONTROLLING THE HAIRY GRAIN BEETLE (KHABRA) TRAGODERMA GRANARIUM EVERTS (COLEOPTERA; DERMESTIDAE) IN VITRO
This study was conducted at the AL- Musayyib Technical College / Department of Biological-Control Techniques for the period from 2021-2022. The present investigation has the aim of testing the influences of the insect growth regulator Match on some aspects of life performance of T.granarium in vitro.This research was carried out to investigate the effects of the Match Insect Growth Regulator at concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 ml/L Lon the larvae of the second and fourth instars and adults of the hairy grain beetle (Khabra) T. granarium. It was found that the use of 0.75 ml/ L of Match Insect Growth Regulator had a significant effect in killing the second and fourth larval instars and adultus with mortality rates of (100.0, 93.3 , 86.7 ) respectively after 7days of treatment
hairy grain beetle , Tragoderma granarium, Match
EFFECT OF SILICON ON THE GROWTH OF GRAPE SEEDLINGS UNDER SALT STRESS
The experiment was conducted in the lath house of the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons, to study the effect of salinity of irrigation water and spraying with potassium silicate on the growth of grape seedlings. The experiment included three factors, and the first factor was three levels of irrigation water salinity (2, 4, 6 ds.m-1). The second factor is spraying with potassium silicate at three levels (0,2,4 ml/liter), and the third factor is three cultivars of seedless American grapes (Summer Royal, Flame, and Crimson) and the interactions between them. A factorial experiment was conducted according to a Randomized Complete Blocks Design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The arithmetic means were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) test under the 5% probability level, and the results indicated the following. The grape seedlings irrigated with water with a salinity level of 2 ds.m-1 gave the highest average in seedling height, number of leaves and leaf content of carbohydrates, nitrogen and phosphorous compared to irrigation treatments with water with a salinity level of 6 ds.m-1, which gave the lowest average. Summer Royal grape cultivar was significantly excelled on Flame and Crimson cultivars in all studies traits .The spraying potassium silicate at a concentration of 4 ml/L gave the best results in most of the vegetative growth traits such as the height of seedlings, the number of leaves and the content of leaves from carohydrate, nitrogen and phosphorous compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest average in the mentioned traits. the triple interaction treatments, the best triple interaction was found, which gave the best results, which was the interaction between the cultivar Summer Royal and the salinity of the irrigation water at a concentration of (2 ds.m-1) and potassium silicate spray at a concentration of 4 ml/liter in the characteristics of seedling height, number of leaves and leaf content Carbohydrates and the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorous.
potassium silicate, cultivar Crimson, cultivar Summer Royal, cultivar Flame, salt stress
FUNGUS BIO EFFICACY BEAUVERIA BASSIANA IN CONTROLLING SUNNA INSECT EURYGASTER MAURA (GEOFROY) (HEMIPTERA : SCUTELLERIDAE) ON THEWHEAT CROP IN THE PROVINCE OFBABYLON
This study was conducted at the AL- Musayyib Technical College / Department of Biological-Control Techniques for the period from 1/8 /2021. to 1/5/2022 The study aimed to test the effect of fungus filtrate Beauveria bassiana On adults and nymphs of the Sunna insect E.maura ( Geoffroy) .The results of the study showed the effect of the fungus filtrate on the adults and nymphs of the Sunna insect, where the concentration of 75% gave a death rate of 60.0% for the adults during a period of 7 days, and it was significantly superior to the rest of the concentrations during the studied periods. The results also showed the effect of the filtrate on the second and fourth instar nymphs, where the concentration of 75% gave the highest mortality rate of 73.3 and 66.7%, respectively, during a period of 7 days. The results of the study also showed that the second nymph was more affected by the fungal filtrate compared to the adult and the fourth nymph.
The effect of irrigation water salinity on the growth and productivity of wheat crops in the southern regions of Iraq and mitigation methods using organic soil amendments
This experiment and field studies were conducted in southern Iraq in collaboration with agricultural research centers to solve the problem of salinity's impact on wheat growth and productivity in these areas, as wheat is the country's strategic food basket. Soil and water salinity is a major challenge that threatens the sustainability of the agricultural sector and food security. Therefore, addressing the problem of salinity requires concerted efforts from all parties. Needed immediate response The Ministry of Water Resources and the Ministry of Agriculture have to consider as a top priority implementing the adding value and development programs for the irrigation projects in particular, to minimize these increases of high groundwater levels. Moreover, academic research centers including universities and agriculture colleges should be encouraged to breed new wheat cultivars that are tolerant to salt stress and drought. Research findings should be incorporated into the curricula designed for agriculture as well. Regional and international cooperation with entities such as the FAO, Green Climate Fund is also imperative in preventing climate impacts, for limits water scarcity, in resource governance.. This study examines potential scientific and practical approaches to ameliorate salinity effects with use of organic soil amendments. The findings showed that salts not only induce a decrease in yield but also cause harm to plants chemically and physiologically. Nevertheless, a field experiment carried out in southern and central Iraq has demonstrated that the use of enhancers and ameliorants like humic acid and compost, along with growing salt–tolerant cultivars can significantly enhance wheat production along with increasing crop consumptive water use efficiency.which provides a path towards more sustainable and flexible cultivation. In sandy loam soils, wheat yield increased by 6% to 12% after adding compost, and in clay loam soils, wheat yield increased by 2% to 9%.
wheat, organic amendments, soil, humic acid, compost, salinity
Effect of Biofertilizer in Flax Yield and its components
A field experiment was carried out in the winter season 2020-2021 in Al-Mahaweel (25 km north of babylon Governorate) in order to study the effect of bio fertilizer in flax yield and its components for several varieties of flax. A factorial experiment was applied according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The experiment included two factors, the first includes eight varieties of flax (Indian Variety, Giza 11, Giza 10, Sahka 5, Sahka 6, Giza 8, Syrian Variety, Thorshansity 72), The second factor, bio fertilizer includes four levels: (control, bacterial fertilization, fungal fertilization and a bacterial-fungal mixture). The following traits were measured (number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsules, 1000 seed weight, total seed yield, biological yield and harvest index). The results showed that Giza 10 Varity significantly superiority on other verities in all studied traits, while Thorshansity 72 Varity gave lowest means in most of the yield traits and its components. The bio fertilization also achieved a significant increase in all traits with the superiority of the fertilization treatment (Bacterial fertilizer + Mycorrhiza). The interaction between the variety and the bio fertilization was The combination (Giza 10 + Bacterial fertilizer + Mycorrhiza) achieved highest means for all studied traits, as number of capsules per plant was (76.22) capsule. plant-1, number of seeds per capsule (9.95) seed. capsule-1, weight of 1000 seeds (13.79) g, total seeds yield (1,681.40) kg.h-1, biological yield (6542.70) kg and harvest index (30.87) %.
Effect of Biofertilizers and Spraying with Vitamins on Two Cultivars of Iris spp.
The study was conducted in the plastic house belonging to Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University during the growth seasone2020-2021, to study the effect of bio-fertilizers and spraying with vitamins on the growth and flowering of two cultivars of Iris sp. The experiment included studying the effect of two cultivars(Sapphire Beauty and white magic) which are symbolized by (C1, C2), respectively , bio fertilizer spraying with distilled water (the control), Azotobacter spp, and Bacillus spp), which are symbolized by (S1, S2, S3), and spraying of vitamins (control) 0 , ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (200 mg.L-1 and thymine (B1) (200 mg.L-1), which symbolized by (F1, F2, F3), respectively. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment according to the Randomized Complete Blocks Design (R.C.B.D), with three replications, and the averages were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) test under the probability level of 5%. The results showed that the blue cultivar was significantly excelled and gave the highest values for all the studied traits, The Azotobacter treatment has significantly excelled on the rest of the other treatments in plant height 49 cm, chlorophyll content 52.94 spad, percentage of carbohydrate 10.69%, vase life 10.73 days, anthocyanin in petals 15.93 mg 100.g-1 and carotenoids in petals 7.53.The spraying treatment with Ascorbic acid at a concentration of (200 mg.L-1) has significantly excelled and gave the highest values for all the studied traits,The triple interaction treatment consisting of (blue cultivar + Azotobacter bacteria + spraying with ascorbic acid at a concentration of (200 mg.L-1) has excelled in the traits of plant height 82.88 cm, chlorophyll content 58 44Spad, percentage of carbohydrate 11.86%, vase life 11.85 days, and anthocyanins in petals 29.69 mg 100.g-1.
Azotobacter, Ascorbic acid, Bio-fertilizers, Iris, thymine
Effect of corpus luteum on the number and classification of follicles and Oocytes in the ovaries of local ewes (Ovis aries)
The aim of current study to estimate effect of corpus luteum (CL) on the number and classification of follicles and oocytes in the ovaries of local ewes (Ovis aries) during September 2021 to February 2022. The genital organs of 524 for adult non-gravid ewes slaughtered in the slaughterhouse in Al-Najaf government were collected and transferred to the laboratory within two hours. The ovaries (n=1048) were removed and divided in to the ovaries bearing CL (n=166) and without CL (n=882). Follicles were calculated, measured and categorized in to three categories, small (<3mm), medium (3-5mm), and large (>5mm). The oocytes were collected, examined, calculated, evaluated and graded into three degrees depending on the number of cumulus cells layers, homogenous of cytoplasm and oocyte morphology. The results showed that the number of follicles (n=4422) and the average number of follicles per ovary (5.01±0.04) were significantly (p<0.01) increased in the ovaries without CL when than the ovaries with CL.A Significantly (P<0.01) higher the number of follicles for all follicle sizes in the ovaries non-bearing CL compared to those bearing CL. A greater number of oocytes (n=2771) and the average number of oocytes per ovary (3.14±0.06) were found in non-bearing CL ovaries than those bearing CL ovaries (n=406 and 2.44±0.04 respectively). The number of first and second degrees of oocytes were significantly (p<0.01) increased in the ovaries without CL than those with CL. Thus on the basis of our results it can be concluded that the presence of CL have negatively and harmful effect on the number of follicles and oocytes and oocytes quality.
Ovary, corpus luteum, follicles, follicular fluid, Oocytes
Response of Five Varieties of Rice to Nitrogen Fertilization Levels
A field experiment was carried out for the 2020 agricultural summer season in Babylon Governorate / Al-Musayyab 45 km north of the governorate with the aim of evaluating the performance of five Varities of rice and the content of these Varities of some active substances by the effect of three levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 175 and 225 kg/h-1) The Varities are (Anber 33, Mishkhab 2, Furat, Yasmine and Al Aswad) which were obtained from the rice research station in Mishkhab using a factorial experiment with randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates.The results can be summarized as follows:- Varities differed significantly at the 5% probability level for all studied traits., The Anber 33 varities was significantly superior in most of the traits, while the black varities was superior in the amount of active substances.,The third level of fertilization (225 kg/h-1) was superior to most of the studied growth and yield traits. While the second level of fertilization exceeded the content of the Varities of effective medicinal structures., The superiority of the black variety in the content of the rice plant from the active substances in all the effective medicinal structures
fertilization, varities, rice, nitrogen, anber